Microbiology and Biotechnology

Harnessing and Manipulating Microbiology

The microbiology and biotechnology sub-theme seeks to understand the mechanisms which underpin microbial growth, and exploit these mechanisms alongside their interactions with their host and environment.

The home of the multi-million pound interdisiplinary BEACON research centre, we are harnessing fungal and bacterial understanding. This allows us to fight antifungal resistance, and find novel uses of bacteria in-order to tackle a variety of health challenges. We seek to identify new markers that will help us predict risk factors in developing severe infections in humans and animals.

Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Focus Areas

We continue to explore avenues of research into how different bacteria and CYPs enzymes can be used in medicine and biotechnology. We work with clinicians, engineers and industry to optimise and find new approaches for using bacteria in a variety of contexts.We work collaboratively with global research groups and industrial partners to understand diverse microbiological mechanisms to develop novel biotechnology.

Antifungal Resistance

There are more than 190 species belong to the Mycobacterium genus. Among these, several are pathogenic to human and animals. Globally, fungal diseases result in more annual deaths than malaria or TB. Our primary focus is in relation to antifungal resistance in both clinical and agricultural pathogens such as Candida species, Aspergillus species, Cryptococcus species and Mycosphaerella graminicola.

Within the sub-theme we have particular focus on the CYP protein family, which have been proven to be linked to the suppression of serveral species of Mycobacterium. CYPs (particularly CYP51) and other enzymes involved in the synthesis of sterols, as targets of antifungal therapies.

Harnessing Bacteria

Beginning at a starting point of bacterial-host symbiosis, this particular strand of research initially allowed us to make breakthroughs within control of insect vectors of disease with particular attention paid to those of medical or agricultural importance. Using a process called RNA interference; we are able to use two-tiers of specificity in targeting only the insect vector of disease, with the prospect of little collateral damage.

This foundational research and knowledge abled to take a jump from bacteria, which are present in insects, to bacteria species that colonise tumours. These bacteria thrive these tumours due to the specific nutrients provided by this environment and the inability for the immune system to recognise their presence within the tumour. This foundational scientific understanding is allowing us to optimise these bacteria to both thrive in this environment and simultaneously deliver therapeutic payloads that will stop the tumour growing and spreading.

Streptomyces: Friendly Soil Bacteria

Streptomyces are soil bacteria that produce 70% of the antibiotics used in medicine. Because of the spread of resistance to many frontline antibiotics, we urgently need to find new ones. We collaborate with international scientists to discover new species that potentially produce new antibiotics and to understand the natural production of antibiotics (antibiosis) in the environment.

We also aim to capture the potential of Streptomyces as a living materials and soil engineer. We research how to exploit other products such hydrophobic proteins and protein nanocages. We also study microbial adaptation and bioengineering of water repellency in and adhesion/aggregation of natural and manufactured materials and resistance to antibiotics and metals especially in metal-polluted soils.

Research Outcomes

We are advancing the use of bacteria to control insect populations, identifying biomarkers to help predict invasive infections in humans and animals. Our specific research into CYPs aims to understand the function of their proteins. We aim to harness bacteria, CYP functions and their biological signatures to treat disease and successfully manage challenges in agriculture, all with the direct aim of improving health and wellbeing. Our work is developing new active molecules and research enabling new therapies and a better of understanding of drug resistance, tailoring individualised responses to therapy and biotechnological applications.

Colonies of Streptomyces producing a blue antibiotic

Gene silencing in non-model insects

The technology that we have developed offers a highly targeted population control measure for pest insects. This animation explains how bacterial symbionts can be used to deliver continual RNA interference in the most diverse group of animals, the insects.

Targeting Tumours with Bacteria

Tumour-targeting bacteria

We use bacteria to light up tumours and deliver information to stop tumour cells growing. The therapeutic payload delivered by the bacteria does not have the side-effects.

Visit the Exploring Global Problems Podcast to Listen to Professor Dyson's Interview on this research area.

CONTROL OF FUNGAL DISEASE IN CROPS

Control of Fungal Diseases

Every year fungal diseases across the world cost the agricultural industry millions in destroyed and damaged crops. Fungicides being less effective as resistance amongst target fungi grows, and the need to use evermore fungicides being used also result in ecological damage.

It was important to develop a fungicide which would do the job of destroying the target fungicide whilst not inhibiting processes within the host whether plant or animal. This step would result in a more effective fungicide and similarly reduce ecological damage.

Identifying biomarkers to predict invasive infections in humans and animals

The global burden of disease is dominated by microorganisms that cause severe invasive infections (e.g sepsis) and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. My group focuses on assessing host and microbial cell response to identify patterns in local (skin, lung or gut) infections that predict the likelihood of progression to severe infections (blood). Our research identifies biomarkers that will help the NHS predict those at risk for developing severe infections and help save lives.

Researchers looking at microscope image on digital screen

Host and bacterial biomarkers to predict sepsis

Current estimates suggest that sepsis accounts for about 20% of all global deaths - a staggering 11 million people annually. Simple early predictors of sepsis syndrome are needed to identify at risk patients. In a collaboration with colleagues in the Hywel Dda University Health Board, archived collections of blood culture positive Escherichia coli are being investigated for their gene content and their ability to generate immune responses together with the medical records of the patients. The resulting data from host and pathogen will provide important new risk factors to predict sepsis.

Host pathogen interactions important in the movement of Campylobacter jejuni fro

The UK is self-sufficient in chicken meat, which is an affordable source of protein. Campylobacter is an important organism responsible for food poisoning in humans due to its spread from the chicken gut to muscle and liver. In collaboration with colleagues, in the Scottish Rural Collage, Newcastle, Leicester and industry stakeholders, our work in this project investigates important genes in Campylobacter, and important immune signatures in the chicken that favour invasive responses that can decrease food biosecurity. The resulting data will guide new biosecurity measures for the chicken industry

Associated Collaborative and Industry Partners

BASF
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
Tata Steel
Nippon Sheet Glass group
Total Water Products
Hot Tubs UK/Eco3Spa
Engineered Biodesign Ltd
Demuris
Biotage
Quizslides
British Geological Survey
Rothamsted Research
Rothamsted Research
National Institute for Agricultural Botany
St Jude’s Research Hospital for Children Memphis (USA)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (USA)
Aberystwyth University
Bangor University
Cardiff University
University of South Wales
Manchester University
Lausanne University (Switzerland)
Trinity College Dublin (Ireland)
University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis (USA).
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (USA)
University of Florida (USA)
Vanderbilt University, Nashville (USA)

Associated Research Projects

ERDF/ Welsh Government BEACON Centre of Excellence in Biorefinery (2010-22)
National Institutes of Health (USA) Novel mechanisms of azole resistance in Candida albicans (2012-17;2017-22).
BBSRC. Two response mode grants currently.
EPSRC
European Commission - Horizon 2020, Marie Sklowdowska Curie Individual Fellowship support for DR Remi Zallot
Optimising symbiont-mediated RNA interference as a control measure for Western Flower Thrips and Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus
Symbiont-Mediated RNAi in Aedes aegypti
Use of RNAi to enhance effectivity of methods of Colorado Potato Beetle control
EXPLOITING ONCOTROPIC BACTERIA FOR EARLY DETECTION OF COLORECTAL CANCER
A NOVEL RNAI THERAPY FOR SOLID TUMOURS
Development of advanced corrosion-resistant coatings with synthetic biology-inspired protein technologies
Phase I and Phase II Development of a synbio-inspired composite adhesive for transparent defense materials
Developing a novel protein-based coating technology for anti-corrosion of magnesium light alloy materials
Sanitising efficacy of a new Hot Tub Water enzyme water treatment product
Determining the efficacy of products for bacterial biofilm prevention and removal for the wet leisure industry
Incorporation of microbial organisms into organic steel coatings
Avenues of Commercialisation for Nano and Micro technologies (ACNM)
A cross-disciplinary soil-proteomics and modelling approach for predicting switches between hydrophilic and hydrophobic soil surface responses
Improving the efficiency of natural product expression and purification in bacterial strains of pharmaceutical relevance by biomimetic culturing
Production, upscaling and analysis of (mixtures of) novel natural products using a biomimetic culturing approach

Associated Sub-Theme Publications

2020

Ortiz-Monslave S, Gutterres M, Valente P, Plácido J, Bustamante-López S, Kelly D, Kelly SL. Degradation of a leather-dye by the combination of depolymerised wood-chip biochar adsorption and solid-state fermentation with Trametes villosa SCS-10. Bioresources and Bioprocessing. 2020, https://bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40643-020-00349-z.

Lamb DC, Hargrove TY, Zhao B, Wawrzak Z, Goldstone JV, Nes WD, Kelly SL, Waterman MR, Stegeman JJ, Lepesheva GI. Concerning P450 evolution: structural analyses support bacterial origin of sterol 14α-demethylases. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msaa260.

Poloni NM, Carvalho G, Vicentini SNC, Dorigan AF, Maciel JLN, McDonald BA, Moreira SI, Hawkins N, Fraaije BA, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Ceresini PC. Widespread distribution of resistance to triazole fungicides in Brazilian populations of the wheat blast pathogen. Plant Pathology. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13288.

Binjubair FA, Parker JE, Warrilow AG, Puri K, Braidley PJ, Tatar E, Kelly SL, Kelly DE, Simons C. Small-Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Sterol 14α-Demethylase (CYP51): Synthesis, Molecular Modelling and Evaluation Against Candida albicans. ChemMedChem. 2020, doi: 10.1002/cmdc.202000250.

Rybak JM, Muñoz JF, Barker S, Parker JE, Esquivel BD, Berkow EL, Lockhart SR, Gade L, Palmer GE, White TC, Kelly SL, Cuomo CA, Rogers PD. Mutations in TAC1B: a Novel Genetic Determinant of Clinical Fluconazole Resistance in Candida auris. mBio. 2020, 11 (3) e00365-20; DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00365-20.

Furukawa T, van Rhijn N, Fraczek M, Gsaller F, Davies E, Carr P, Gago S, Fortune-Grant R, Rahman S, Gilsenan JM, Houlder E, Kowalski CH, Raj S, Paul S, Cook P, Parker JE, Kelly SL, Cramer RA, Latgé J-P, Moye-Rowley S, Bignell E, Bowyer P, Bromley MJ. The negative cofactor 2 complex is a key regulator of drug resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Nature Communications. 2020, 427.

Morgan SR, Pilia N, Hewitt M, Moses RL, Moseley R, Lewis PN, Morrison PWJ, Kelly SL, Parker JE, Whitaker D, Quantock AJ, Heard CM. Controlled in vitro delivery of voriconazole and diclofenac to the cornea using contact lenses for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119102.

2019

Kannan A, Asner SA, Trachsel E, Kelly SL, Parker JE, Sanglard D. Comparative Genomics for the Elucidation of Multidrug Resistance in Candida lusitaniae. mBio. 2019, DOI: 10.1128/mBio.02512-19.

Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Price CL, Rolley NJ, Nes WD, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Isavuconazole and voriconazole inhibition of sterol 14α-demethylases (CYP51) from Aspergillus fumigatus and Homo sapiens. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2019, EPub before print.

Plácido J, Bustamante-López S, Meissner KE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. NanoRefinery of carbonaceous nanomaterials: Complementing dairy manure gasification and their applications in cellular imaging and heavy metal sensing. Science of The Total Environment. 2019, 689, 10-20.

Plácido J, Bustamante-López S, Meissner KE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Multivariate analysis of biochar-derived carbonaceous nanomaterials for detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous systems. Science of The Total Environment. 2019, 688, 751-761.

Lamb DC, Follmer AH, Goldstone JV, Nelson DR, Warrilow AG, Price CL, True MY, Kelly SL, Poulos TL, Stegeman JJ. On the occurrence of cytochrome P450 in viruses. 2019. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901080116.

Rybak JM, Ge W, Wiederhold NP, Parker JE, Kelly SL, Rogers PD, Fortwendel JR. Mutations in hmg1, challenging the paradigm of clinical triazole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. mBio. 2019, DOI: 10.1128/mBio.00437-19.

Nishimoto AT, Wiederhold NP, Flowers SA, Zhang Q, Kelly SL, Morschhäuser J, Yates CM, Hoekstra WJ, Schotzinger RJ, Garvey EP, Rogers PD. In vitro activities of the novel investigational tetrazoles VT-1161 and VT-1598 compared to the triazole antifungals against azole-resistant strains and clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2019, DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00341-19.

Warrilow AG, Nishimoto AT, Parker JE, Price CL, Flowers SA, Kelly DE, Rogers PD, Kelly SL. The evolution of azole resistance in Candida albicans sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) through incremental amino acid substitutions. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2019, EPub before print.

Plácido J, Bustamante-López S, Meissner KE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Microalgae biochar-derived carbon dots and their application in heavy metal sensing in aqueous systems. Science of the Total Environment. 2019, 656, 531-539.

Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Meljon A, Theofilopoulos S, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Arenas E, Wang Y. Additional pathways of sterol metabolism: Evidence from analysis of Cyp27a1-/- mouse brain and plasma. Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 2019, DOI: 10.10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.006.

Ahmad S, Joseph L, Parker JE, Asadzadeh M, Kelly SL, Meis JF, Khan Z. ERG6 and ERG2 are major targets conferring reduced susceptibility to amphotericin B in clinical Candida glabrata isolates in Kuwait. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2019, DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01900-18.

Cancer therapyDyson US Patent App. 15/774,569, 2019

Townsend, R., Van Keulen, G., Desbrow, C., & Godfrey, R. (2020). An investigation of the utility of QuEChERS for extracting acid, base, neutral and amphiphilic species from example environmental and clinical matrices. Analytical Science Advances 1(3):152-160 https://doi.org/10.1002/ansa.202000018 , SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54329

2018

Mejia A, Luna D, Fernandez D, Barrios-Gonzalez J, Gutierrez LH, Reyes AG, Absalon AE, Kelly SL. Improving rifamycin production in Amycolatopsis mediterranei by expressing a Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (vhb) gene fused a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase domain. 3 Biotech. 2018. 8: 456.

Zhou W, Warrilow AGS, Thomas CD, Ramos E, Parker JE, Price CL, Vanderloop BH, Fisher PM, Loftis MD, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Nes WD. Functional importance for developmental regulation of sterol biosynthesis in Acanthamoeba castellanii. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 2018. In Press.

Luna-Tapia A, Willems HM, Parker JE, Tournu H, Barker KS, Nishimoto AT, Rogers PD, Kelly SL, Peters BM, Palmer GE. Loss of Upc2p-inducible ERG3 transcription is sufficient to confer niche-specific azole resistance without compromising Candida albicans pathogenicity. mBio. 2018, 9:e00225-18.

Colley T, Sehra G, Chowdhary A, Alanio A, Kelly SL, Kizawa Y, Armstrong-James D, Fisher MC, Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kimura G, Nishimoto Y, Sunose M, Onions S, Crepin D, Lagasse F, Crittall M, Shannon J, McConville M, King-Underwood J, Naylor A, Bretagne S, Murray J, Ito K, Strong P, Rapeport G. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of a novel and long acting fungicidal azole, PC1244, on Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2018, doi: 10.1128/AAC.01941-17

A novel alkaliphilic Streptomyces inhibits ESKAPE pathogens (2018) Luciana Terra, Paul J Dyson, Matthew D Hitchings, Liam Thomas, Alyaa Abdelhameed, Ibrahim M Banat, Salvatore A Gazze, Dušica Vujaklija, Paul D Facey, Lewis W Francis, Gerry A Quinn. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 2458

Gazze, S., Hallin, I., Quinn, G., Dudley, E., Matthews, G., Rees, P., Van Keulen, G., Doerr, S., & Francis, L. (2018). Organic matter identifies the nano-mechanical properties of native soil aggregates. Nanoscale, 10(2), 520-525. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NR07070E , SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa37598

2017

Sewell TR, Hawkins NJ, Stotz HU, Huang YJ, Kelly SL, Kelly DE, Fraaije B, Fitt BDL. Azole sensitivity in Leptosphaeria pathogens of oilseed rape: the role of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase. Scientific Reports. 2017, 7:15849.

Butts A, DeJarnette C, Peters TL, Parker JE, Kerns ME, Eberle KE, Kelly SL, Palmer GE. Target abundance-based fitness screening (TAFiS) facilitates rapid identification of target-specific and physiologically active chemical probes. mSphere. 2017, DOI: 10.1128/mSphere.00379-17.

Hull CM, Warrilow AGS, Rolley NJ, Price CL, Donnison IS, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Co-production of 11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and ethanol using recombinant yeast expressing fungal steroid hydroxylases. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2017, 10:226.

Lemaire B, Karchner SI, Goldstone JV, Lamb DC, Drazen JC, Rees JF, Hahn ME, Stegeman JJ. Molecular adaptation to high pressure in cytochrome P450 1A and aryl hydrocarbon receptor systems of the deep-sea fish Coryphaenoides armatus. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics. 2017, EPub ahead of print.

Rybak JM, Dicken CM, Parker JE, Caudle K, Manigaba K, Whaley SG, Nishimoto A, Luna-Tapia A, Roy S, Zhang Q, Barker KS, Palmer GE, Sutter TR, Homayouni R, Wiederhold NP, Kelly SL, Rogers PD. Loss of C-5 sterol desaturase activity results in increased resistance to azole and echinocandin antifungals in a clinical isolate of Candida parapsilosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2017, doi: 10.1128/AAC.00651-17.

Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Price CL, Garvey EP, Hoekstra WJ, Schotzinger RJ, Wiederhold NP, Nes WD, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. The tetrazole VT-1161 is a potent inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through its inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2017, doi: 10.1128/AAC.00333-17.

Colley T, Alanio A, Kelly SL, Sehra G, Kizawa Y, Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kimura G, Anderson-Dring L, Nakaoki T, Sunose M, Onions S, Crepin D, Lagasse F, Crittall M, Shannon J, Cooke M, Bretagne S, King-Underwood J, Murray J, Ito K, Strong P, Rapeport G. In vitro and in vivo antifungal profile of a novel and long acting inhaled azole, PC945, on Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2017, doi:10.1128/AAC.02280-16.

Gene silencing in non‐model insects: Overcoming hurdles using symbiotic bacteria for trauma‐free sustainable delivery of RNA interference: Sustained RNA interference in insects mediated by symbiotic bacteria: Applications as a genetic tool and as a biocide (2017) Miranda Whitten, Paul Dyson. Bioessays 39 (3), 1600247

2016

McCourt P, Liu H-Y, Parker JE, Gallo-Ebert C, Donigan M, Bata A, Giordano C, Kelly SL, Nickels Jr JT. Proper sterol distribution is required for Candida albicans hyphal formation and virulence. G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics. 2016, doi: 10.1534/g3.116.033969.

Warrilow AG, Price CL, Parker JE, Rolley NJ, Smyrniotis CJ, Hughes DD, Thoss V, Nes WD, Kelly DE, Holman TR, Kelly SL. Azole antifungal sensitivity of sterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) and CYP5218 from Malassezia globosa. Scientific Reports. 2016, 6, 27690.

Warrilow AG, Parker JE, Price CL, Nes WD, Garvey EP, Hoekstra WJ, Schotzinger RJ, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. The investigational drug VT-1129 is a highly potent inhibitor of Cryptococcus species CYP51 but only weakly inhibits the human enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2016. 60(8), 4530-4538.

Lemaire B, Kubota A, O'Meara CM, Lamb DC, Tanguay RL, Goldstone JV, Stegeman JJ. Cytochrome P450 20A1 in zebrafish: cloning, regulation and potential involvement in hyperactivity disorders. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2016, EPub ahead of print.

Goldstone JV, Sundaramoorthy M, Zhao B, Waterman MR, Stegeman JJ, Lamb DC. Genetic and structural analyses of cytochrome P450 hydroxylases in sex hormone biosynthesis: sequential origin and subsequent coevolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2016, 94 Part B, 676-687.

Symbiont-mediated RNA interference in insects (2016) Miranda MA Whitten, Paul D Facey, Ricardo Del Sol, Lorena T Fernández-Martínez, Meirwyn C Evans, Jacob J Mitchell, Owen G Bodger, Paul J Dyson. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283 (1825), 20160042

2015

Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Price CL, Nes WD, Kelly SL, Kelly DE. CYP51-mediated azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: an in vitro biochemical study. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015, 59(12), 7771-7778.

Hargrove TY, Wawrzak Z, Lamb DC, Guengerich FP, Lepesheva GI. Structure-functional characterization of cytochrome P450 sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51B) from Aspergillus fumigatus and molecular basis for the development of antifungal drugs. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2015, 290(39), 23916-23934.

Berkow El, Manigaba K, Parker JE, Barker KS, Kelly SL, Rogers PD. Multidrug transporters and alterations in sterol biosynthesis contribute to azole antifungal resistance in Candida parapsilosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015, 59(10), 5942-5950.

Derbyshire MC, Michaelson L, Parker J, Kelly S, Thacker U, Powers SJ, Bailey A, Hammond-Kosack K, Courbot M, Rudd J. Analysis of cytochrome b5 reductase-mediated metabolism in the phytopathogenic fungus Zymoseptoria tritici reveals novel functionalities implicated in virulence. Fungal Genetics and Biology. 2015, 82, 69-84.

Lamb DC, Warrilow AG, Rolley NJ, Parker JE, Nes WD, Smith SN, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Azole antifungal agents to treat the human pathogens Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga through inhibition of sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015, 59(8), 4707-4713.

Price CL, Parker JE, Warrilow AGS, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Azole fungicides - understanding resistance mechanisms in agricultural fungal pathogens. Pest Management Science. 2015, 71(8), 1054-1058.

Price CL, Warrilow AGS, Parker JE, Mullins JGL, Nes WD, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Novel substrate specificity and temperature sensitive activity of Mycosphaerella graminicola CYP51 (MgCYP51) supported by the native NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2015, 81(10), 3379-3386.

2014

Morrison AM, Goldstone JV, Lamb DC, Kubota A, Lemaire B, Stegeman JJ. Identification, modeling and ligand affinity of early deuterostome CYP51s, and functional characterization of recombinant zebrafish sterol 14alpha-demethylase. Biochimia et biophysica acta. 2014, 1840(6), 1825-1836.

Salvage R, Hull CM, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Use of 70% alcohol for the routine removal of microbial hard surface bioburden in life science cleanrooms. Future Microbiology. 2014, 9(10), 1123-1130.

Hull CM, Loveridge EJ, Donnison IS, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Co-production of bioethanol and probiotic yeast biomass from agricultural feedstock: application of the rural biorefinery concept. AMB Express. 2014, 4, Epub.

Hull CM, Loveridge EJ, Rolley NJ, Donnison IS, Kelly SL, Kelly DE. Co-production of ethanol and squalene using a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ERG1 (squalene epoxidase) mutant and agro-industrial feedstock. Biotechnology for Biofuels. 2014, 7, Epub.

Warrilow AGS, Hull CM, Parker JE, Garvey EP, Hoekstra WJ, Moore WR, Schotzinger RJ, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. The clinical candidate VT-1161 is a highly potent inhibitor of Candida albicans CYP51 but fails to bind the human enzyme. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2014, Epub.

Parker JE, Warrilow AGS, Price CL, Mullins JGL, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Resistance to antifungals that target CYP51. Journal of Chemical Biology. 2014, 7(4), 143-161.

Warrilow AGS, Hull CM, Rolley NJ, Parker JE, Nes WD, Smith SN, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Clotrimazole as a potent agent for treating the oomycete fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica through inhibition of sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51). Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2014. 80(19), 6154-6166.

Hawkins NJ, Cools HJ, Sierotzki H, Shaw MW, Knogge W, Kelly SL, Kelly DE, Fraaije BA. Paralog re-emergence: a novel, historically contingent mechanism in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2014, 31(7), 1793-1802.

Carter HE, Fraaije BA, West JS, Kelly SL, Mehl A, Shaw MW, Cools HJ. Alterations in the predicted regulatory and coding regions of the sterol 14alpha-demethylase gene (CYP51) confer decreased azole sensitivity in the oilseed rape pathogen Pyrenopeziza brassicae. Molecular Plant Pathology 2014, 15(5), 513-522.