About
Dr Andrew Iwobi is a Senior Lecturer at the Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law.
Related pages
- Hillary Rodham Clinton School of Law Staff
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Dr Andrew Iwobi
Senior Lecturer
Law
Office - 041B
Ground Floor
Richard Price Building
Singleton Campus
Ground Floor
Richard Price Building
Singleton Campus
Available For Postgraduate Supervision
Research Links
Publications
Research Highlights
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Iwobi, A. (2019). The Legal Regulation of Electronic Contracting in Nigeria in the Age of Jumia and Konga. In Remigius N Nwabueze (Ed.), Modern Essays on Nigerian Law (pp. 177-222). Cambridge Scholars PublishingSU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa55656
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Iwobi, A. (2017). Stumbling Uncertainly into the Digital Age: Nigeria's Futile Attempts to Devise a Credible Data Protection Regime. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 26(1), 14-61.SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa27894
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Iwobi, A. (2008). No Cause for Merriment: The Position of Widows under Nigerian Law. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 20(1), 37-86.SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa8398
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Iwobi, A. (2009). Out with the old, in with the new: religion, charitable status and the Charities Act 2006. Legal Studies, 29(4), 619-650.
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Brown, L. & Iwobi, A. (2025). Private purpose trusts in England and Wales following the trusts and succession (Scotland) Act 2024: a sign of things to come?. Trusts & Trustees, 31(8), 416-427.
All Research
Journal Articles
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Brown, L. & Iwobi, A. (2025). Private purpose trusts in England and Wales following the trusts and succession (Scotland) Act 2024: a sign of things to come?. Trusts & Trustees, 31(8), 416-427.
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Iwobi, A. (2017). Stumbling Uncertainly into the Digital Age: Nigeria's Futile Attempts to Devise a Credible Data Protection Regime. Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 26(1), 14-61.SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa27894
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Iwobi, A. (2009). Out with the old, in with the new: religion, charitable status and the Charities Act 2006. Legal Studies, 29(4), 619-650.
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Iwobi, A. (2008). No Cause for Merriment: The Position of Widows under Nigerian Law. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 20(1), 37-86.SU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa8398
Book Chapters
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Iwobi, A. (2019). The Legal Regulation of Electronic Contracting in Nigeria in the Age of Jumia and Konga. In Remigius N Nwabueze (Ed.), Modern Essays on Nigerian Law (pp. 177-222). Cambridge Scholars PublishingSU Repository: https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa55656
Supervision
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The Nigerian Legal System Through the Lens of H.L.A Hart (awarded 2023)
PhDOther supervisor: Dr Alex Latham-GambiOther supervisor: Dr Caroline Jones
Taught Modules
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LA-121A Fundamental Principles of Contract Law
This module is available only for visiting exchange students from Chinese partner universities.
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LA-122A Fundamental Principles of Tort Law
This module will be available only for visiting exchange students from Chinese partner universities.
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LA-123 Legal Methodology
This module will be available only for visiting exchange students from Chinese partner universities.
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LA-124 Fundamental Principles of International Trade Law
This module will be available only for visiting exchange students from Chinese partner universities.
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LA-M002 Independent Research Project
This module provides students with the opportunity to undertake an independent, in-depth research project on a topic relevant to their programme. It is designed to develop advanced research, analytical, and critical evaluation skills essential for legal scholarship and professional practice. Students will identify a research question of significant relevance to the discipline and produce a substantial dissertation that demonstrates mastery of the subject matter. The module emphasises rigorous engagement with primary and secondary sources, enabling students to critically assess current research and advanced scholarship in the field. Through sustained analysis, students will synthesise doctrinal principles and policy considerations, presenting a coherent and well-structured argument that reflects originality and intellectual independence. The dissertation process also fosters the ability to advance knowledge and understanding beyond existing literature, equipping students with transferable skills for future academic or professional development.
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LACM002 Transport Law: Aviation & Finance
This module offers a critical and comprehensive examination of the legal and financial frameworks that govern the national and international transportation of goods and passengers by air and road. With a special focus on the aviation sector, the module also provides a comparative analysis with ship finance. The material will delve into the impact of existing laws on the use of new transport systems, such as Uncrewed Aircraft Systems (UAS), also known as drones, and Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) aircraft. Carriage of Passengers and Cargo This section critically analyses the international treaties governing the carriage of passengers and cargo, with a particular emphasis on the Montreal Convention 1999 (MC99). ¿ Air Carriage: The module examines the passenger liability system of the MC99, including the two-tiered liability and the carrier¿s defences under Articles 20 and 21(2). It explores the concept of "bodily injury" and "accident" as prerequisites for a valid claim, drawing from influential cases. The module also covers baggage claims, differentiating between the liability of checked-in and carry-on baggage, and discusses how passengers can claim more than the standard SDR limits through special declarations. The exclusivity principle of the Convention, enshrined in Article 29, is a core focus, including its relationship with domestic laws and EU regulations, such as Regulation 261/2004, concerning flight delays and cancellations. ¿ Road Carriage: The module introduces the legal framework for the international carriage of goods by road, focusing on the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR). You will learn about the key provisions of the CMR, including its history, aims, scope of application, and carrier's liability. It also covers specific aspects of multimodal transport, such as piggyback and roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro) operations. Asset Financing This part of the module examines the nature and function of credit and other financing mechanisms, including mortgages and leasing. ¿ Aircraft Finance: The module examines various financing methods, including loans secured by mortgages, finance leases, and operating leases. It highlights why finance leases have become the most popular method for financing aircraft acquisitions and explores the challenges of aircraft mortgages, such as the mobility of assets and differing jurisdictional laws. The module provides an overview of the key legal concepts under English law, including attachment, perfection, and the priority of competing security interests. ¿ International Interests and the Cape Town Convention: A significant portion of the module is dedicated to the Cape Town Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment 2001 and its Aircraft Protocol. It covers the convention's aims, such as facilitating financing and providing creditors with remedies for default and insolvency. The module also details the first-to-file priority rule of the international registry. ¿ Ship Finance: The module offers a comparative analysis of aircraft finance with ship finance, focusing on the prevalent forms of financing, such as ship mortgages and finance leases. It highlights the unique challenges of ship mortgages, including the risk of permanent loss and the mobile nature of the assets, which can lead to complex jurisdictional issues regarding arrest and the validity of mortgages.
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LACM005 International Corporate Law, Governance and Finance
A spate of high-profile corporate failures and scandals over the past few decades have called for detailed examination and investigation of the legal and financial contexts in which such events have played out. Against this backdrop, this module seeks to explore and illuminate the general legal framework, the governance principles, policies and structures and the financing imperatives which underpin the existence and operation of corporations within the modern commercial arena. In the first semester, students will be introduced to a range of fundamental principles of company law and other forms of governance in the contemporary corporate environment, primarily from the UK perspective. Recent changes in this field will also be explored, to discover how the legal system encourages the practical transition to a more sustainable corporate culture. Key issues that will be explored at this stage include the role, duties and liabilities of directors, the functions of shareholders and various other stakeholders and the part played by the professional agents of these separate organs of the company in navigating the complex legal environment within which it operates. In the second semester, the legal basis for corporate financing will be examined, with a specific focus on the mechanisms available to companies in the vital quest to generate the funds needed to finance their activities and ensure their economic viability in today¿s ultra-competitive business environment. The rest of this semester will be devoted to the highly topical and rapidly evolving area of corporate governance, with a particular emphasis on its global aspects and transnational dimensions. The main frame of reference here will be the ¿governance gaps¿ created by the relentless trend towards globalisation. Such gaps which are especially evident in the developing nations of the Global South, have arisen from the disjuncture between the business-related activities of transnational corporations and. other commercial enterprises and the development of legal and regulatory capabilities to govern such activities. We will examine some of the key issues emanating from the trans-border operations of these multinational enterprises against the backdrop of national and international legal frameworks governing human rights, environmental protection, sustainable development and corporate social responsibility.
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LACM03 E-commerce and Regulation of Electronic Transactions
This module seeks to address the complex legal issues and regulatory challenges arising from the pursuit of commercial activities by electronic means. It focuses in particular on the expanding role of various types of electronic transactions and different forms of digital assets within the modern commercial sphere. It examines the legal frameworks that have been put in place for dealing with key aspects of such transactions and digital products both at the national level and internationally. The module identifies and discusses the problems that governments have had to contend with in seeking to exert their regulatory control in the realm of electronic commerce in today¿s Internet age. Where appropriate, it does so from a comparative perspective which looks at the approaches adopted in the U.K, the E.U and various other jurisdictions. Also examined is the application of existing legal principles to e-commerce, again adopting a comparative approach, analysing existing legal adaptations, their appropriateness and how such adaptations might be improved in the future.
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LACM14 International Intellectual Property Law
This module concentrates on the international law aspects of Intellectual Property (IP). With the growing global market and continuing disparity between developed and developing countries, IP has assumed a significant role in international discourse. The module discusses the set of laws that govern the creation, protection, sharing, and use of intellectual property in the global context. Topics such as copyright, trademark, geographical indication systems, traditional knowledge, cultural heritage, patents, plant varieties and industrial designs will be explored. IP protection is traditionally jurisdictional, yet, it has become common for IP issues to arise across jurisdictions because IP laws can vary significantly from one country to another. International IP law is the subject of treaties between nations throughout the world, therefore, the module further examines the various existing and proposed international instruments relating to Intellectual Property, such as the TRIPS agreement; Paris, Berne, Rome and Madrid Conventions; Marrakesh Treaty etc. There are organizations that seek to provide global IP protection by establishing international IP laws, hence, the module reviews the efforts of the World Trade Organization (WTO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) and the World Health Organization (WHO) in the field of international IP framework.
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LACM19 IP Law in the Context of Creative Industries
This module¿studies the impact of the fourth industrial revolution, precisely modern innovative technologies on law and regulation of intellectual property rights in the digital age.¿It¿focuses on the relationship between law, innovation and technological developments, and explores legal protection of intellectual assets created in the process of digitalisation. In the digital age, technology has become an integral part of our daily lives and classic human-to-human interactions have transformed into human-to-machine communications. Apart from the inevitable boost in e-commerce and automatisation powered by AI, big data and computation, our dependence on digital technologies and services has increased over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Amidst these enormous changes brought by the fourth industrial revolution, digitalisation and intellectual property become hand in hand. Indeed, creative assets and intellectual property rights might become more vulnerable to thefts or infringement risks. Hence, governments and legal authorities strive to ensure appropriate regulation and protection which in turn facilitate digitalisation and provide more opportunities for innovative activities. The module is designed to give students a knowledge base of the legal doctrines and provisions that are applied to intangible outputs and intellectual property rights and their implications in the digitalised world. It gives an overview of the emerging technological developments and digitalisation trends and scrutinises their relationship with intellectual property rights created through transactions taking place in cyberspace.¿Upon critical evaluation of the nature and significance of intellectual property rights including¿copyrights, patents, trademarks, designs and similar rights¿in terms of technology, commercial interests and the law, the module underpins the increased importance of intangibles, such as brands, know-how and data in the digital economy. In this vein, the course sheds light on the private and public interests of businesses, enterprises, governments as well as the international community to ensure legal protection of intellectual property rights and explores national, regional (EU) and international aspects of the regulatory frameworks. The module further delves into the fundamentals of blockchain¿technology and smart contracts and their implications for the intellectual property ecosystem. Moreover, having regard to technological innovations experienced in the maritime industry and the government¿s Marine 2050 strategy, the course also looks at the intellectual property aspects of the AI-powered ships operating independently of human interaction. Finally, the module addresses intellectual property and technology disputes and their resolution.
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LAMM004 Oil and Gas Law: Contracts and Liabilities
Oil & Gas Law: Contracts and Liabilities is designed for students seeking to specialise in the sophisticated legal arena of the UK and international energy sector. The module offers a comprehensive and critical examination of the foundational contractual and liability frameworks governing oil and gas operations, with a primary focus on English law. Students will embark on a detailed journey through the lifecycle of a hydrocarbon project, from the initial licensing of UK Continental Shelf (UKCS) blocks under the Petroleum Act 1998 to the complex commercial arrangements for development, operation, and sale. The module provides an in-depth analysis of the key contractual instruments¿including Licences, Joint Operating Agreements (JOAs), and specialised contracts for drilling and hydrocarbon sales¿that define relationships and allocate significant financial and operational risks between states, operators, contractors, and co-venturers. Particular emphasis is placed on the standard forms prevalent in the UK sector, such as LOGIC contracts and the AIEN (AIPN) JOA. A core pillar of the module is the rigorous study of liability regimes under English common law and statute. This includes a dedicated focus on oil pollution liability from offshore operations, alongside the analysis of indemnity structures for operational incidents, property damage, and personal injury. Students will critically analyse seminal cases, complex indemnity clauses (including knock-for-knock regimes), and the contractual management of risk across the project chain. By synthesising black-letter law with commercial practice, the module equips students with the expert analytical toolkit required to navigate, advise upon, and critique the legal architectures that underpin one of the world¿s most capital-intensive and strategically vital industries.
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LAMM005 Offshore Energy Law
This module offers an advanced, critical exploration of the legal architectures that are actively shaping the transition to a decarbonised maritime economy. It moves beyond foundational principles to interrogate the complex and rapidly evolving intersection where international environmental law, maritime regulation, and sophisticated commercial project delivery converge. The module is designed for students seeking to specialise in the frontline of energy and environmental law, providing the expert knowledge required to navigate a sector defined by technological innovation, stringent climate policy, and significant capital investment. The curriculum is structured around three interconnected pillars. First, it establishes the macro-regulatory drivers, conducting a critical analysis of how global climate change frameworks, specifically the Paris Agreement, create a binding imperative for sectoral action. This is examined through the dual lenses of the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) global regulatory strategy for shipping emissions and the European Union's pioneering, and often contentious, regional policy suite, including its Emissions Trading System (ETS) for maritime transport and the FuelEU Maritime initiative. Second, the module delves into the legal mechanics of offshore project delivery, which are essential for supplying the clean energy and abatement technologies required for decarbonisation. This involves a detailed dissection of the high-value, high-risk contractual ecosystems governing offshore wind farm construction¿analysing risk allocation in key agreements such as Balance of Plant (BoP) and Transport & Installation (T&I) contracts. Parallel to this, it examines the distinct legal regime for marine Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), addressing the international treaties enabling offshore storage, the structuring of CO2 transport and storage agreements, and the critical issue of long-term liability. Third, the module confronts the novel legal and liability challenges emerging from new technologies. A core focus is the regulatory landscape and associated risks of alternative marine fuels (e.g., ammonia, hydrogen, methanol), including the application of the IGF Code and the evolving liability and insurance paradigms for bunkering operations and fuel-related incidents. Throughout, the module emphasises a critical, problem-solving approach, preparing students not only to interpret these layered legal frameworks but also to anticipate legal disputes, advise on risk mitigation in contracts, and contribute to the development of law and policy in this dynamic field.
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LATM002 Digital Commerce and Technology Law: Regulation of E-transactions and Blockchain
The rapid evolution of digital technologies has fundamentally transformed the way commercial transactions are conducted and governed. This module examines the legal foundations, regulatory challenges, and private international law implications of electronic commerce and distributed ledger technologies (DLT). In the first part of the module, students will explore the formation, content, and enforcement of online contracts, with a focus on consumer protection, jurisdictional challenges, and the regulation of online commercial activities such as domain name registration and brand protection. The second part introduces the legal and commercial significance of distributed ledger technologies, including blockchain, smart contracts, and digital assets. Students will examine the emergence of electronic trade documents, the recognition of digital tokens as property, and the cross-border legal issues that arise in relation to jurisdiction, applicable law, and enforcement. The module concludes with an exploration of online dispute resolution mechanisms and their potential to enhance access to justice in the digital economy.
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LATM01 Artificial Intelligence in Commerce and Legal Practice
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is becoming integral to the fabric of modern society and is already a staple of commercial organisations and businesses looking to enhance their productivity. It has been used for a variety of reasons, such as the reduction of financial paperwork via the electronicisation of commercial payments (that are now regularly made by computer), and increasingly for the incidence of smart contract payments automatically triggered by a payee¿s computer acting in collaboration with the debtor¿s IT systems. Where goods are ordered automatically (e.g. an industrialist¿s computer hooked up to a component supplier¿s server), they can also give rise to the formation of entirely new contracts. This module will focus on the use of AI within commercial and legal settings. It is often the case that once the technology is put in place issues will arise, such as the question of whether such technology can function within the parameters of existing legal rules. Human rights ¿ even within a commercial framework ¿ must also be considered as part of any analysis concerning the use of AI (notably, for example, the right to privacy). Overall, this module intends to provide an in-depth analysis of AI in the context of existing private legal rules while also exploring its role in society, what legal frameworks need to be developed.
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LATM02 Distributed Ledger Technology (Blockchain) and Commerce - Law and Regulation
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) is an integral part of the emerging digital transformation taking place within commercial and financial industries. It has the potential to dramatically alter the way businesses operate, providing improved efficiency of current client requirements and opening doors for new services. In simple terms, DLT is a database that is distributed across several independent computing devices (nodes) where changes to data are protected and managed by cryptography and consensus ensuring that data cannot tampered with and that all parties have identical copies that can be considered as a reliable source of truth. This module intends to analyse the legal position of those employing such ledgers in the context of their businesses. To appreciate the potential legal problems emerging, the applications of such ledgers in different areas of commercial law (finance, insurance, shipping) will be studied. The module will then discuss whether any change in private law rules is required to ensure that such ledgers do not create unexpected consequences for relevant parties. Regulators are also actively exploring the need to regulate the use of such ledgers. Regulation is rather challenging in this area due to potential jurisdictional problems, and overly strict regulation could potentially reduce the commercial values of such ledgers. These issues, along with others, will be discussed as part of this module.